Sam is a researcher developing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of adaptation investments, the cash flows of adaptation, and ultimately, the commercial viability of adaptation investments. He is currently working towards developing a new direction in the study of adaptation finance that addresses the information deficit through an empirical investigation into the performance and commercial viability of private investment in local adaptation in LDCs. Through a suite of novel and innovate methods applied to the field of adaptation – including standardised investment performance ranking, portfolio analysis, asset pricing models and financial gradient approaches – his aim is to present multiple ways to empirically evaluate the performance of private investment in local adaptation, and document best practices for local actors to access, use and repay capital.